Pest Background

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) is an exotic pest from Asia, first discovered in the U.S. in Pennsylvania in the late 1990s. Currently, BMSB has been found in 42 states and two Canadian provinces. BMSB was first confirmed in Tennessee in 2008 (Knox County). Populations are expected to continue to increase and spread throughout the country. In addition to feeding on a variety of crops, BMSB is also a nuisance pest when it invades homes and human-made structures to overwinter. It is considered one of the most devastating pests of agriculture in the mid-Atlantic region in the past 50 years.

Pest Description
Brown marmorated stink bugs (Halyomorpha halys (Stål), order Hemiptera, family Pentatomidae) have a characteristic shield-shape and adults are approximately 1.7 cm long and just as wide. They have a mottled brown coloration, and can be distinguished from native stink bugs by white bands on the antennae, and alternating light and dark bands at the rear of the front pair of wings. When disturbed, they emit a pungent odor, similar to the scent of cilantro. Eggs are laid in clusters and are blue-green when newly laid, changing to white as they near hatching. Newly hatched nymphs are black and reddish-orange colored, resembling ticks. Later stage nymphs are black and white with white banding on legs and antennae. BMSB is often confused with native stink bugs such as the southern green stink bug and the brown stink bug . Another way to distinguish BMSB from native brown stink bugs is the brown–gray underside; native brown stink bugs have a yellowish-green underside (see pictures here). For pictures and more identification info see the Stop BMSB website.

Damage Description
Stink bugs are generalists and feed on over 170 different species of plants. This includes a variety of fruits and vegetables such as apples, peaches, figs, citrus, berries, grapes, soybean, tomatoes, peppers, okra, beans, squash and corn (see www.stopbmsb.org for a more complete list of host plants). All stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Their feeding results in distortion, puncture wounds and cat-facing, leaving the product unmarketable. Visit Crop-by-crop at Stop BMSB website for damage photos.

Pest Management
Brown marmorated stink bugs are very difficult to control. Conventional control for BMSB involves multiple pesticide applications. Research has shown that some of these sprays only cause a “knock-down” of BMSB with many adults recovering from a moribund state up to seven days after being sprayed (Leskey et al. 2012a). Other studies have found that pesticides causing 100% mortality in the lab only resulted in 60% mortality early in the summer, declining to 40-20% by the end of summer (Leskey et al. 2014). In the mid-Atlantic region in 2011, some growers targeted BMSB with 4 times higher pesticide applications, which killed many natural enemies leading to outbreaks of secondary pests (Leskey et al. 2012b). Even if control is achieved, BMSB adults can migrate and repopulate. Current research is helping to identify management strategies for organic growers, including trap cropping, identifying natural enemies, and protection with barrier fabrics. Barrier fabrics can be used to protect high value crops from BMSB and native stink bug damage. An experiment testing 3 different mesh sizes of barrier fabric to protect bell peppers was conducted in 2013 and 2014 at the UT Organic Crops Unit in Knoxville.

Materials and Methods for UTK Screen Trial

• Bell peppers ‘Aristotle’ as test crop
• 4 replicates of 4 cage treatments
• 13-15 plants per cage (4 ft tall, 5 ft long, 6 ft wide)
• Treatments:
• Fine mesh (white)
• 1/8” mesh (black)
• 1/6” mesh (black)
• No screen
• Scouted pepper plants weekly for :
• BMSB and native stink bugs
• Natural enemies

• Yellow sticky cards were placed in cages starting 8-July, 2013 and 1-July, 2014 and replaced weekly for six weeks (2013) and seven weeks (2014).
• Plants in cages were scouted during harvests for BMSB and native stink bugs.
• Peppers were harvested in the mature green stage and marketable peppers were graded according to USDA size classes (‘Fancy,’ ‘No. 1,’ and ‘No. 2’).  Unmarketable peppers were divided according to damage (stink bug damage or other culls - disease, chewing insects, etc.).  There were four harvest dates in 2013 and six dates in 2014.
• Stink bug damage was assessed on fruit and rated for severity by counting the number of feeding sites.
• Harvest data and yellow sticky card data were analyzed in SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute 2011) using a macro developed by Arnold Saxton at the University of Tennessee (http://dawg.utk.edu/).  A Mixed Model Analysis of Variance (MMANOVA) was performed on the data with year and treatment classified as fixed effects and block and block by year designated as random effects. Due to unequal variance, the percentage of peppers harvested with stink bug damage was arcsine square root transformed and pest and beneficial insects count data were square root transformed.  Untransformed means are reported.

Figure 1. Mean numbers of pest and beneficial insects identified on yellow sticky cards in the plots.  Fine mesh covered plots had lower numbers of pest and beneficial insects.  Insect pests identified were flea hoppers, flea beetles, leafhoppers and lygus bugs. Beneficial insects were lady beetles, green lacewings, big-eyed bugs, damsel bugs, carabid beetles, hymenopteran parasitoids and pollinators.

 Table 1. Total and marketable yield (number of fruit and weight per treatment) of ‘Aristotle’ bell peppers grown in cages covered with barrier fabrics at the UT Organic Crops Unit, 2013 and 2014.  There were no significant differences in total yield (number or weight). The fine mesh treatment had the highest marketable yield (number and weight) while the other mesh treatments were not different from the unscreened control.  The fine mesh treatment had the highest percentage of marketable fruit (by weight) among treatments; the other two mesh treatments had higher percentage marketable yield than the unscreened control, but the differences were not significant.

Table 2. Percentage of peppers harvested with stink bug damage, severity of damage ratings and other culls (number and weight) of ‘Aristotle’ bell peppers grown in cages covered with barrier fabrics at the UT Organic Crops Unit, 2013 and 2014.  Other culls included but were not limited to zippering, cracking, splitting, soft rots and bacterial spots, and fungal diseases including early blight and gray mold.  The fine mesh covered plots had the lowest percentage of peppers damaged by stink bugs, and the severity of stink bug damage was the lowest among treatments.  There were no differences among treatments for other culls. 

Table 3. USDA Grade distribution of ‘Aristotle’ bell peppers grown in cages covered with barrier fabrics at the UT Organic Crops Unit, 2013 and 2014.  All three sizes of screens had higher yields (number and weight) of fancy grade peppers compared to the unscreened control.  The fine mesh covered treatment had the highest yield (number and weight) of number 1 grade peppers.  There were no differences among treatments for yield (number and weight) of number 2 grade peppers.

Summary

1. The fine mesh covers resulted in the highest yields of marketable fruit.
2. The fine mesh covers were better at excluding all insects than the 1/8” and 1/6” covers.
3. The fine mesh covers helped prevent damage due to piercing-sucking insects.
4. All size mesh covers had higher yields of fancy and number 1 grade peppers compared to unscreened control plots. 

References
Leskey, T.C., Lee, D.-H., Short, B.D., Wright, S.E., 2012a. Impact of Insecticides on the Invasive Halyomorpha halys; (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Analysis of Insecticide Lethality. Journal of Economic Entomology 105, 1726–1735. doi:10.1603/EC12096
Leskey, T.C., Short, B.D., Butler, B.R., Wright, S.E., 2012b. Impact of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), in Mid-Atlantic Tree Fruit Orchards in the United States: Case Studies of Commercial Management. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012, 1–14. doi:10.1155/2012/535062
Leskey, T.C., Short, B.D., Lee, D.-H., 2014. Efficacy of insecticide residues on adult Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) mortality and injury in apple and peach orchards. Pest Management Science 70, 1097–1104. doi:10.1002/ps.3653

Funding
This project was funded in 2012 by the Organic Research and Extension Initiative grant, part of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Grant number 2012-51300-20097.  For more information on this multi-state project see http://eorganic.info/brown-marmorated-stink-bug-organic/about

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